Exercise for peri- and postmenopausal women: Recommendations from synergistic alliances of women's medicine and health psychology for the promotion of an active lifestyle.

Adopting healthy behaviors is a multifaceted and complex process that poses significant challenges for individuals. Despite awareness of the detrimental effects of certain behaviors on health, many individuals continue to engage in risky practices. Traditional medical advice and prescriptions, while well intentioned, often fall short in fostering lasting lifestyle changes. Although individuals may also have good intentions, solely relying on doctor's counsel does not ensure successful lifestyle adjustments. One primary reason for this limitation is the lack of specialized expertise in behavioral modification among gynecologists and healthcare providers. Health psychologists are specialized professionals capable of effectively guiding and assisting individuals in modifying health-related behaviors. Their expertise in behavior change strategies and psychological interventions proves invaluable in empowering individuals to embrace healthier lifestyles and contributes to people's well-being. This paper emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts between medical professionals, such as gynecologists, and health psychologists to promote healthy behaviors among peri- and postmenopausal women and enhance women's health. By forging integrative alliances, they can develop comprehensive and tailored interventions. By bridging the gap between medical advice and behavior modification, this collaborative effort has the potential to ensure a more effective intervention process. This holistic approach not only addresses women's specific health needs but also fosters sustainable behavior change when promoting healthy behaviors among middle-aged women. The ultimate goal of such a synergy is to improve women's health outcomes and contribute to a healthier society overall.

Impact of violence against women on quality of life and menopause-related disorders.

Violence against women is a pressing global issue that poses a number of significant health risks. The influence of violence on women's health during the menopause has been underestimated, especially its impact on the early onset of menopause and on the exacerbation of symptoms that determine quality of life. The objectives of our study were to analyse whether experiencing any type of violence increases the risk of early menopause, worsens menopausal symptoms, and results in a lower quality of life. This cross-sectional observational study recruited 29 postmenopausal women who had experienced violence from a partner in their lifetimes. Additionally, 89 postmenopausal who had not suffered from violence were included as a control group. All the women who had experienced violence from a partner reported psychological and economic violence, 75 % reported physical violence, 57.1 % reported sexual violence, and 39.3 % reported all types of violence. Violence was found to be associated with menopausal symptoms and poorer quality of life. These associations persisted after adjustment for multiple factors, and women who had experienced any form of violence reported a worse quality of life during menopause. Moreover, violence-exposed women reached menopause approximately 20 months earlier (p < 0.05), and 20.7 % of these women developed premature ovarian insufficiency (p < 0.001).

The AHAWOMEN project: study protocol of a multi-design research for exploring HAPA predictors of exercise in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: The postmenopausal period can represent an opportunity for women to improve their health and well-being. The Active and Healthy Ageing in Women during early postmenopause (AHAWOMEN) study aims to identify the key determinants of an active lifestyle among middle-aged women, with a focus on the stages and the social-cognitive variables outlined in the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model, a theoretical framework for understanding health behaviour change. We expected that HAPA factors and processes of intention creation (motivational phase) and action adoption (volitional phase) will be significant predictors of exercise initiation and maintenance, supporting both the HAPA tenets and the efficacy of HAPA-based interventions. METHODS/DESIGN: This study was approved by the authors' Institutional Review Committee. Postmenopausal women aged between 45 and 65 years will voluntarily participate. The participants will be allocated to one of three groups: Intervention-Initiators (n = 100, random allocation), Control-Sedentary (n = 100, random allocation) or Control-Active (n = 100, non-random allocation). The intervention group will engage in a supervised exercise programme lasting at least 3 months, supplemented with a HAPA-based intervention for behaviour change. The sedentary control group will not receive any intervention to change their physical activity, while the active control group will consist of women who are already regularly adhering to an active lifestyle. Study variables will be measured at baseline and postintervention phases, as well as at 1, 3, 6 and 12-month follow-ups. The predictors of exercise behaviour in the different phases of the behavioural change process will be explored and compared within and between groups throughout the study. These analyses will help identify the factors that determine the adoption of a healthy active behaviour. Additionally, the effectiveness of the model and the intervention for changing active behaviour will be evaluated. DISCUSSION: This paper describes the rationale, development and methods used in the AHAWOMEN project. Supporting women who intend to become active can help them to translate their goals into sustainable action. Verifying that the HAPA predictions are applicable to postmenopausal women's adoption of exercise would provide the basis for designing effective interventions for promoting healthy and active ageing that are also tailored to the experiences of middle-aged women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN16251361. Registration date: 01/06/2023 (retrospectively registered).

Going beyond "With a Partner" and "Intercourse": Does Anything Else Influence Sexual Satisfaction among Women? The Sexual Satisfaction Comprehensive Index.

The validated tools for measuring sexual satisfaction (SS) assess in fact other phenomena such as sexual functioning, assess SS within the context of a romantic heterosexual relationship and intercourse-type activity or were designed to be applied only in therapeutic or rehabilitation contexts. Consequently, they offer an incomplete understanding of SS, particularly among women. We thus developed an alternative measure of SS, the Sexual Satisfaction Comprehensive Index (SSCI), considering both the individual and with-a-partner dimensions, as well as the actual and desired experiences of satisfaction, along with other dimensions affecting SS, and explored its psychometric properties. A total of 1080 young to mid-aged women with different sociodemographic, relationship and sexual identity backgrounds voluntarily completed several measures of SS, including the SSCI. Results showed that the SSCI is a reliable measure for assessing SS. An exploratory and a confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the latent multidimensional structure of the SSCI, supporting its factorial validity. In addition, the SSCI showed appropriate convergent validity with other measures commonly used to assess SS. In sum, the SSCI was revealed to be a useful multidimensional index of SS for research and practice contexts which allows the practitioner or the researcher to make decisions on which dimension(s) are to be evaluated. This study focused on women's SS, and future research with other gender, sexual and cultural identities is necessary to support its utility in multi-identity and multi-sexuality scenarios.

Training coping skills and coping with stress self-efficacy for successful daily functioning and improved clinical status in patients with psychosis: A randomized controlled pilot study.

Due to the symptom diversity and pervasive function impairments (e.g. in perception, cognition, language, affect, behavior, daily and social functioning and sense of self), recurrent relapses, elevated disability, high rates of (co)morbidity, heightened premature mortality and high burden of care of psychotic disorders, psychosocial interventions are part of patients' standard care. There is growing evidence on the relevance of self-efficacy for well-being and functioning among these patients, but specific coping with stress self-efficacy has rarely been investigated. This study explored the outcomes of an intervention for the improvement of coping resources based on training in coping skills and coping with stress self-efficacy. Fourteen adult volunteers with schizophrenia (n = 12) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 2) were matched in clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and randomly assigned to the study groups. The intervention group received the training-with 15 twice per week sessions (8 weeks)-along with their pharmacological therapy; the control group received their prescribed drug therapy. Participants completed self-reports on coping with stress self-efficacy, perceived successful daily functioning based on coping skills and clinical status (Expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale). Trained patients showed a significant increase in coping with stress self-efficacy and reported greater successful functioning status, and significant improvements in their clinical status were also observed. All these enhancements remained at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. The intervention condition interacted with coping with stress self-efficacy and perceived coping functioning in explaining improvements in clinical status: in the treatment group, greater coping with stress self-efficacy translated into enhanced daily functioning, and this improvement predicted better clinical status. These findings stress the relevance of promoting coping resources in psychotic disorders and provide preliminary evidence for the potential benefits of coping with stress self-efficacy.

Inhabiting the Body(ies) in Female Soccer Players: The Protective Role of Positive Body Image.

In a social and sports world dominated by weight-centred beliefs and highly exigent and gendered athletic and beauty body standards, the vulnerability for eating pathology, i.e., disordered eating and eating disorders (EDs), is elevated among women athletes. The aim of this study was to explore body image facets and ED risk among female athletes in masculinised sports such as soccer. Forty-five federated amateur female soccer players from Spain participated in this study, voluntarily complying with an extensive evaluation protocol on attitudes towards body and appearance and eating practises. The participants overall reported self-representations of their bodies that corresponded to their reality as athletes, but their body ideals were also more demanding in terms of low fat and muscularity, in association with the functionality of their body and the physical demands of their athletic activity. Despite having a fairly high positive body image and body satisfaction, they also expressed negative attitudes towards their bodies. Around 2 out of 10 players were at risk of suffering from an ED. Players with negative attitudes towards their bodies had an odd 12 times likely to develop an ED compared to those with lower self-devaluation, after adjusting for BMI and body perceptions (OR = 12.3, p < 0.01). On the contrary, players who appreciate their bodies and hold a positive body image had an odd 83% lower to suffer from eating pathology, after adjusting for BMI and body satisfaction (OR = 0.17, p < 0.05). Our findings support the healthy and protective role of positive body image in sports contexts. Body attitudes should be addressed in preventive and therapeutic efforts for reducing the prevalence of EDs in women's sports, within both a "negative" and a "positive" paradigm of body image.

Active Coping and Anxiety Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spanish Adults.

The features of the COVID-19 pandemic and the social operations to contain the spread of the virus might have limited or altered coping, including healthy habits such as exercise, this contributing to a myriad of negative consequences for the mental health of the global population. We explored the contribution of coping and physical activity to the management of anxiety in Spanish adults during an active phase of the epidemic, as well as the relationship between these strategies. A total of 200 young and adult individuals (70% women) voluntarily completed an anxiety inventory, a coping skills self-report and a personal data section including exercise practice. The participants reported in average a mild yet existing level of anxiety symptoms; a third reported noticeable symptoms. At the time of the study, the participants used more adaptive than maladaptive coping styles. Participants' anxiety was inversely correlated with an active coping style, and positively with an avoidant style; physical activity correlated positively with an active coping style, and regular exercisers used more frequently active coping. Controlling for confounders, active coping, avoidant coping and exercise during the pandemic predicted anxiety symptoms. Other findings indicated that exercise was used as a coping strategy for dealing with emotional distress. Our results highlight the positive impact of functional coping and exercise for the management of negative states such as anxiety during the pandemic, and underline the importance of developing interventions aimed at enhancing coping skills for promoting physical and mental well-being of the population during health and social crises.

Exploring Intraindividual Profiles for Home Buildings Based on Architectural Compositional Elements and Psychological Health Factors: A Transdisciplinary Approach.

Based on the transactional and salutogenic perspectives, we explored individual profiles that integrate psychosocial factors and compositional elements of the built home environment. Adults with different socio-demographic characteristics completed several self-report measures on psychological factors (personality traits, self-efficacy, mental health, and happiness) and architectural elements constituting the ideal home environment. Adopting an individual-centered perspective, three distinct intra-individual psycho-architectural (person-environment) profiles were found with different compositional preferences and psychosocial characteristics in terms of functioning, health, and well-being: endopathic (characterized by higher levels of psychosocial resources and well-being indicating a highly adapted and successful profile, and architectural preferences corresponding to their identities and experiences-expression through spaces), assimilative (characterized by average levels in all regulatory parameters indicating moderately adaptive individuals, and architectural preferences of spaces created in interactive processes-introjection of spaces), and additive individuals (characterized by a comparatively dysfunctional, poorer psychosocial profile, and architectural preferences in line with provoking a restorative effect-change with spaces). An awareness of the psychosocial features of the users for whom the homes are built can help in designing spaces to inhabit that are adapted to them for an enhancement of their overall well-being. Therefore, a better understanding of the interconnections between psychology and architecture will help in designing healthy spaces.

Psychosocial and Diet-Related Lifestyle Clusters in Overweight and Obesity.

This study explored intraindividual multidimensional profiles integrating psychosocial factors, namely, body image and satisfaction, weight-related self-stigma, positivity, and happiness, and behavioural-lifestyle factors, namely, adherence to a healthy diet, among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aimed to investigate the association of excess weight (i.e., measured body mass index, BMI) with the abovementioned multidimensional configurations. A convenience sample of 100 adult individuals (60% females) with excessive weight (69% overweight; 31% obesity) was recruited. They completed self-reports regarding the study variables, and their weight and height were measured. With a perspective centered on the individual, a cluster analysis was performed. Three distinct intraindividual psychosocial and diet-related profiles were identified: a group of healthy individuals with excess weight (46%); a group of individuals who were negatively affected by their excessive weight and showed the most distressed profile (18%); and a group of dysfunctional individuals who seemed to be excessively unrealistic and optimistic regarding their excessive weight and unhealthy lifestyles, but were troubled by their weight (36%). Furthermore, individuals in the affected cluster had higher obesity (mean BMI ± SD = 32.1 ± 3.7) than those in the clusters of healthy (28.0 ± 3.0) and dysfunctional individuals (28.1 ± 3.3) (p < 0.05). The results showed that there are specific psychosocial and lifestyle profiles in the adult population with excess weight and that there are relationships among psychological, behavioural, and body-composition factors. For clinical application purposes, it is important to account for the heterogeneity within individuals who are obese and to individualize the interventions, with a focus from weight change to the individual's overall well-being.

Association of a Mediterranean Diet and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption with Subjective Well-Being among Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Recent evidence suggests that among behavioral-lifestyle factors, adherence to a healthy dietary pattern such as the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is linked not only to better psychological health and mental positive status but also to increased subjective well-being (SWB). Nevertheless, this association has been unexplored among individuals with excessive weight. This study explored whether adherence to the MedDiet and the intake of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables (FV) are associated with increased happiness and life satisfaction among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity when weight, body image, and body satisfaction are also considered. A convenience sample of adult individuals with excessive weight completed self-reports on the study variables, and weight and BMI were measured by bioimpedance. No evidence of a relationship with SWB indicators was obtained for MedDiet global indicators, probably due to the low adherence to a healthy diet by these individuals. In contrast, FV intake, as a powerful indicator of healthy eating, was associated with life satisfaction when BMI and body image dimensions were considered, among which body satisfaction had a key role. Moreover, life satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between FV consumption and happiness. Our findings are expected to make a relevant contribution to knowledge on the positive correlates or protective factors for overall well-being in obesity, including dietary habits and body appreciation. Our results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive, positive aesthetic models and promoting a healthy lifestyle for happiness in obesity.

"Music Makes My Old Heart Beat": A Randomised Controlled Study on the Benefits of the Use of Music in Comprehensive Care for Institutionalised Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Research on the therapeutic use of music is growing, but the lack of experimental rigour and outcomes diversity has impeded researchers from obtaining clear evidence of the multiple benefits of music interventions in older adults. We explored the outcomes of a music-complemented intervention integrated into the therapeutic activities of institutionalised elderly people. METHODS: A randomised controlled study with baseline, post-intervention, and 2-week follow-up measures was carried out with 50 residents in a caring institution. Several indicators of physical health, cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, pain, and happiness were assessed at all phases. RESULTS: Mixed factorial ANOVAs showed a positive impact of the music intervention on the outcomes in the intervention group (effect sizes up to .78) compared to the stability in the control (waiting list) group. Notably, the benefits seemed to be temporary, as they decreased progressively after the discontinuation of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the effects of a planned music-based intervention on several health- and well-being-related outcomes and has important applications regarding the use of music as a complement in therapeutic interventions with elderly people. The implementation of music therapy within the comprehensive care of institutionalised people must be maintained over time for the effects to be durable.

Optimism and social support moderate the indirect relationship between self-efficacy and happiness through mental health in the elderly.

We examined the role of self-efficacy, social support, optimism, and mental health in the prediction of happiness in the elderly. Moderated mediation analyses confirmed a full mediation in which self-efficacy, through perceived mental health and moderated by social support, predicts happiness moderated, in turn, by optimism. When an elder is self-efficacious, his or her mental well-being seems more likely to be improved and translated into enhanced happiness when social support and optimism are moderate to high. We provide preliminary results on the interplay of these psychosocial resources in improving subjective well-being that may help in designing tailored interventions for promoting happiness in late adulthood.

Considering BMI, Body Image and Desired Weight Change for Suitable Obesity Management Options.

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts.

Psychosocial Resources for Hedonic Balance, Life Satisfaction and Happiness in the Elderly: A Path Analysis.

We explored possible paths from physical and mental health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, optimism, and social support to happiness in older adults, considering hedonic balance and life satisfaction as mediators. A total of 154 Spanish male and female (50%) older adults (65-96 years old, M = 77.44, SD = 8.03; 64% noninstitutionalized elderly) voluntarily participated in this correlational, cross-sectional study. The participants completed self-reports on their perceived health status, self-efficacy, social support, optimism, and global subjective well-being (SWB) as well as its dimensions. Path analysis was used to examine direct and indirect relationships. The final model had an excellent fit with the data (χ2(10) = 11.837, p = 0.296, χ2/df = 1.184; SRMR = 0.050, CFI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.035), revealing the unique causal effects of all the included predictors on happiness. With the exception of self-efficacy, the psychosocial resources predicted older adults' current happiness, and this relationship was fully mediated by hedonic balance and life satisfaction, which were found to be putative intermediary factors for SWB. Self-efficacy in turn predicted the remaining psychosocial resources. Our findings extend the existing evidence on the influences of health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, optimism, and social support on SWB. Furthermore, they support the proposal of hedonic balance and life satisfaction as dimensions of SWB, thus supporting the tripartite hierarchical model of happiness. These results may inform future interventions seeking to improve happiness in late adulthood.

Body Satisfaction, Weight Stigma, Positivity, and Happiness among Spanish Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Although previous evidence suggests that happiness is lower among individuals with obesity, research on the correlates of subjective well-being (SWB) is warranted to increase our knowledge. We aim to explore excess weight (i.e., measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI)), body image and satisfaction, self-stigma, positivity, and happiness among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aim to investigate the predictors of SWB in this sample. A convenience sample of 100 individuals with excess weight completed self-reports on the study variables and were weighed and their height measured. On average, the participants reported body perceptions revealing minor excessive weight, moderate body satisfaction, low-to-moderate weight-related stigma, and elevated positivity and happiness. BMI and gender/sex independently affected these variables, but there were no significant interaction effects. Furthermore, individuals with overweight or obesity with higher body satisfaction and elevated positivity were more likely to report being happy, independent of their age, gender/sex, weight, and weight-related stigma. Mediation effects were found for body satisfaction and positivity in the relationship between weight and happiness. Moreover, positive orientation suppressed the pervasive influence of stigma on SWB. Our findings confirm the key role of body image dimensions and weight-related stigma for happiness and add support to the relevance of positivity for overall well-being of individuals with excess weight. These results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive aesthetic models, combating social stigmatization and enhancing positivity for a flourishing and fulfilling life.

Considering BMI, body image and desired weight change for suitable obesity management options

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts

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"Oberexia": The desire to be fat(ter) in adults with excess weight / "Oberexia": El deseo de estar (más) gordo en adultos con exceso de peso / "Oberexia": O desejo de estar (mais) gordo em adultos com excesso de peso

Introduction: Despite of being scarce, evidence is growing on the existence of a group of overweight and obese individuals who do not consider their weight a risk factor for disease and who associate their weight and body with health, vigor, beauty and well-being. Consequently, they manifest a desire to maintain or even increase their weight. We propose an attempt of nomenclature, Oberexia, for this new social reality, and we describe its main characteristics and present empirical observational findings supporting the existence of this condition. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of Oberexia in a national sample of Spanish 16 to 60-years-old adults. Methodology: Perceptions of body weight/size/shape and composition, and body satisfaction were assessed in overweight and obese adults through silhouettes, questions and discrepancies. Results: One in ten of the participants self-perceived their body as normal in weight or size. A total of 6.5% wanted to have overweight or obese bodies. A case-to-case analysis revealed that 4.2% of the participants wanted to maintain their appearance, and 1.8% wanted a body with greater weight. All these findings are related to fat mass instead of muscle mass. Conclusions: Our results support the existence of a subgroup of overweight and obese individuals who differ from the traditional subgroup of individuals with excess weight who are dissatisfied with their body. We encourage to explore the outcomes on health and the possible clinical implications of this condition

Introducción: Aunque escasa, existe evidencia creciente sobre la existencia de un grupo de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad que no consideran su exceso de peso un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad y asocian su peso y su cuerpo con salud, vigor, belleza y bienestar. Como consecuencia, manifiestan el deseo mantener o incluso incrementar su peso. Realizamos una propuesta de nomenclatura para esta realidad social, Oberexia, describimos sus principales características y presentamos resultados empíricos observacionales que apoyan la existencia de esta condición. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue explorar la prevalencia y características de la Oberexia en una muestra nacional de adultos españoles de 16 a 60 años. Metodología: Las percepciones de peso/tamaño/forma y composición corporal de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad y su satisfacción corporal fueron evaluadas utilizando siluetas, preguntas y discrepancias. Resultados: Uno de cada diez participantes percibió su cuerpo como normal en términos de peso y tamaño. Un 6.5% de los participantes con exceso de peso quería tener cuerpos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Un análisis caso-a-caso reveló que el 4.2% de los participantes deseaba mantener su apariencia, y el 1.8% deseaba aumentar de peso. Un 3% de los participantes podrían ser casos de Oberexia. Estos hallazgos se refieren a masa grasa y no a masa muscular. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados apoyan la existencia de un subgrupo de personas con exceso de peso que difieren del tradicional subgrupo de individuos obesos que se encuentran insatisfechos con su cuerpo. Es momento de explorar las consecuencias para la salud de la Oberexia y las posibles implicaciones clínicas de esta condición

Apesar de escassas, crescem as evidências sobre a existência de um grupo de essoas com sobrepeso e obesidade que não consideram o excesso de peso um fator de risco para a doença e associam seu peso e corpo com saúde, vigor, beleza e bem-estar. Consequentemente, eles manifestam o desejo de manter ou mesmo aumentar seu peso. Fizemos uma proposta de nomenclatura para essa realidade social, Oberexia, descrevemos suas principais características e apresentamos resultados empíricos observacionais que sustentam a existência dessa condição. O bjetivo deste estudo foi explorar a prevalência e as características de Oberexia em uma amostra nacional de adultos espanhóis de 16 a 60 anos. As percepções de peso/tamanho/forma e composição corporal de pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade e sua satisfação corporal foram avaliadas por meio de silhuetas, perguntas e discrepâncias. Um em cada dez participantes percebeu seu corpo como normal em termos de peso ou tamanho. Um 6.5% dos participantes com excesso de peso desejava ter corpos com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Uma análise caso-a-caso revelou que 4.2% dos participantes queriam manter a aparência e 1.8% desejavam ganhar peso. Un 3% dos participantes poderia ser casos de Oberexia. Todos esses achados referem -se à massa gorda e não à massa muscular. Nossos resultados confirmam a existência de um subgrupo de indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade que diferem do subgrupo tradicional de indivíduos com excesso de peso insatisfeitos com seu corpo. É momento de explorar as consequências para a saúde de a Oberexia e as possíveis implicações clínicas dessa condição

Risk for eating disorders in "high"- and "low"-risk sports and football (soccer): A profile analysis with clustering techniques / Riesgo de trastornos de la alimentación en deportes de "alto" y "bajo" riesgo y fútbol: Un análisis de perfiles con técnicas de clusterización / Risco de transtornos alimentares em esportes de "alto" e "baixo" risco e futebol: uma análise de per"l com técnicas de clusterização

Eating disorders (EDs) are prevalent in sports. Although a distinction has been made to date between high- and low-risk sports for EDs, recent studies have indicated that footballers and other athletes in low-risk sports are as vulnerable for Eds as athletes from sports that emphasize weight and body appearance. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are particular configurations of psychosocial risk factors for EDs among athletes from different sports (N = 357), with a special focus on football players. The Athlete’s Eating Habits Questionnaire (CHAD) was used to establish intra-individual configurations through a multivariate k-means cluster analysis. We found that 10.9% of athletes and 11.4% of the footballers had scores on the CHAD ≥ 100 points, which indicates that a large number of athletes are at risk for developing or may already be suffering from an ED. Three configurations or risk profiles emerged based on the beliefs, attitudes and behaviours that reflect differential schemata for each cluster: high (8.7%), moderate (45.1%) and low (46.2%) risk. Football players had a profile that was similar to the moderate, though existent, risk cluster. Our findings also question the traditional classification of sports as high- vs. low-risk. Athletes, including footballers, may have a heightened risk for EDs when they have certain combinations of dysfunctional beliefs, attitudes and behaviours. Our findings indicate that it is important to consider relevant predisposing factors with the aims of risk detection and EDs prevention among athletes. The type of sport does not appear to be the most important risk factor

Los trastornos de la alimentación (TAs) son prevalentes en el ámbito deportivo. Aunque tradicionalmente se ha distinguido entre deportes de alto y bajo riesgo de TAs, trabajos recientes indican que los futbolistas y otros deportistas de "bajo" riesgo son tan vulnerables como otros atletas en cuya práctica deportiva se enfatiza el peso y la apariencia corporal. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si existen configuraciones particulares de características psicosociales de riesgo de TAs entre deportistas de diferentes modalidades deportivas (N = 357), con un interés especial en futbolistas. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Hábitos Alimentarios del Deportista (CHAD) para establecer dichas configuraciones intraindividuales a través de un análisis multivariado de cluster de k-medias. Un 10.9% de los deportistas y un 11.4% de los futbolistas obtuvieron puntuaciones en el CHAD ≥ 100 puntos, lo que señala que un elevado número de deportistas puede desarrollar un TA a lo largo de su carrera deportiva, o lo puede estar padeciendo ya. Aparecieron tres configuraciones o perfiles de riesgo de TAs en virtud de las creencias, actitudes y comportamientos particulares que conforman un esquema diferencial en cada clúster: Alto (8.7%), moderado (45.1%) y bajo riesgo (46.2%). Los futbolistas muestran un perfil muy parecido al del clúster de riesgo moderado, aunque existente. Los hallazgos obtenidos también cuestionan las clasificaciones tradicionales de los deportes como de alto y bajo riesgo. Los deportistas, incluyendo los futbolistas, pueden tener un riesgo acentuado de padecer TAs si se dan ciertas combinaciones de creencias, actitudes y conductas disfuncionales. Nuestros resultados señalan la importancia, de cara al establecimiento del riesgo y la prevención de TAs en deportistas, de considerar factores predisponentes relevantes, entre los que el tipo de deporte parece no ser el más importante

Os transtornos alimentares (TAs) sao prevalentes em esporte. Embora tradicionalmente uma distincao tem-se realizado entre esportes de alto e baixo risco de TAs, estudos recentes indicam que os futebolistas e outros atletas de risco "baixo" sao tao vulneraveis como outros atletas em esportes onde o peso e aparencia fisica sao enfatizados. O objectivo deste estudo foi determinar se existem configuracoes particulares de fatores psicossociais de risco de TA em atletas de esportes diferentes (N = 357), com um interesse especial em jogadores de futebol. O Questionario de Habitos Alimentares do Atleta (CHAD) foi utilizado para estabelecer configuracoes intra-individuais do risco atraves de uma analise multivariada de clusterizacao de K-medias. Encontramos que o 10.9% dos atletas e 11.4% dos jogadores de futebol tiveram pontuacoes no CHAD ≥ 100 pontos, o que indica que um grande numero de atletas pode desenvolver um TA ao longo de sua carreira, ou ele ja pode estar sofrendo un TA. Tres conguraçoes ou pers de risco de TAs emergiram com base nas crencas, atitudes e comportamentos que recectem um esquema diferencial determinado em cada grupo: alto (8.7%), moderado (45.1%) e baixo risco (46.2%). Os futebolitas mostraram um perfil semelhante ao cluster de risco moderado, embora existente. Nossos resultados questionam as classifficacoes tradicionais de esportes como alto e baixo risco. Os atletas, incluindo os jogadores de futebol, podem ter um risco elevado de TAs se ocorrem determinadas combinacoes de crencas, atitudes e comportamentos disfuncionais. Nossos resultados indicam a importancia para o estabelecimento do risco e prevencao de TAs em atletas do considerar fatores predisponentes relevantes. O tipo de esporte nao parece ser o fator de risco mais importante

Estrategias para el manejo del cuerpo en adultos jóvenes: interacción entre las percepciones corporales, la edad y el sexo / Body management behaviors in young adults: interactions among body perceptions, age and gender

La percepción del cuerpo y la satisfacción con el mismo se asocian con conductas saludables y de riesgo de manejo del cuerpo con importantes consecuencias para la salud. En este estudio se exploran las conductas que usan hombres y mujeres en su adultez temprana para controlar el peso, tamaño, forma y composición corporales. La imagen corporal (IC) y la satisfacción corporal (SC) se evaluaron a través de siluetas, preguntas y discrepancias, y las prácticas conductuales de control del cuerpo a través de un cuestionario. Los participantes informaron de un uso moderadamente elevado de estrategias saludables y bajo de estrategias de riesgo. ANOVAs de 2 y 3 factores indicaron que una IC más negativa y una SC menor se asocian con un mayor uso de estrategias saludables y, particularmente, de riesgo de manejo del cuerpo, y que el sexo, y no tanto la edad, modera esta relación, mostrando las mujeres mayor uso de ambos tipos de estrategias. Nuestros resultados son interesantes para el diseño de intervenciones destinadas a mejorar las percepciones corporales basadas en conductas saludables

Body perceptions and body satisfaction are associated with healthy and risk body change behaviors with important consequences for health. In this study, the behaviors that men and women in their early young adulthood and late young adulthood used to control body weight, size, shape, and composition were explored. Body image (BI) and body satisfaction (BS) were assessed through silhouettes, questions and discrepancies, and body management behavioral practices with a questionnaire. Participants reported a moderately high use of healthy strategies and low use of maladaptive strategies. Two- and three-way between-subjects ANOVAs indicated that a more negative BI and lower BS were associated with a greater use of both healthy and, particularly, risk body management strategies, and that gender, more than age, moderates this relationship, with women demonstrating a higher use of both type of bodymanagement strategies. Our results are interesting for the design of interventions aimed at improving body perceptions with a focus on healthy behaviors

Eating disorders in sports and football: An updated review / Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en el deporte y en el fútbol: Una revisión actualizada / Transtornos do comportamento alimentario no esporte e futebol: Uma revisão atualizada

Disordered eating behaviours and eating disorders (EDs) are prevalent among athletes both at clinical and subclinical levels. This review briefly summarizes and updates the main findings on EDs in sports, with a specific focus on football, a largely ignored athletic modality in which EDs are common and more frequent than expected. We begin presenting EDs in sports and their prevalence. We review the traditional classifications of sports as "low-" and "high-risk" athletic modalities based on prevalence rates and examine recent findings that question the utility of classifying sports and estimating an athlete’s vulnerability for developing an ED based only on such dimension. We then focus on other more decisive risk factors involved in the predisposition, precipitation and maintenance of an ED in sports, including socio-cultural, psychosocial, behavioural and athletic-contextual factors. We reflect on current trends in sports and football that may contribute to an increased risk for EDs. Next, recommendations for preventing and managing EDs in sports are discussed, stressing the importance of reducing putative risk factors. Finally, we attend to future areas of research that may enrich our knowledge on this topic, including methodological, empirical and conceptual issues that may lead to further advancements in research and intervention

Los comportamientos alimentarios alterados y los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCAs) tienen una alta prevalencia entre los deportistas tanto a niveles clínicos como subclínicos. Esta revisión resume y actualiza los principales hallazgos sobre TCAs en el deporte, con un énfasis en el fútbol, una modalidad ignorada en la que son comunes y más frecuentes de lo esperado. Comienza presentando los TCAs en el ámbito deportivo y su prevalencia. Se presenta la clasificación tradicional de los deportes como de "alto" y "bajo" riesgo y resultados recientes que cuestionan su utilidad y la de estimar la vulnerabilidad de los deportistas a partir de esta dimensión únicamente. Se comentan otros factores de riesgo más decisivos implicados en la predisposición, aparición y mantenimiento de los TCAs en deportistas, incluyendo factores socio-culturales, psicosociales, comportamentales y deportivos-contextuales. Se reflexiona sobre tendencias actuales en el deporte y en el fútbol que pueden contribuir a un incremento del riesgo de TCAs. Se proponen recomendaciones para la prevención y manejo de los TCAs en el ámbito deportivo. Finalmente, se comentan futuras áreas de investigación que pueden enriquecer nuestro conocimiento sobre esta área, incluyendo cuestiones metodológicas, empíricas y conceptuales que pueden generar importantes avances tanto en investigación como en intervención

Os comportamentos alimentares desordenados e os transtornos do comportamento alimentario (TCAs) têm uma alta prevalência entre os atletas em níveis clínicos e subclínicos. Esta revisão resume e atualiza as principais descobertas sobre TCAs no esporte, com ênfase em futebol, uma modalidade atlética amplamente ignorada em que os TCAs são comuns e mais freqüentes do que o esperado. Começa com uma apresentação de os TCAs no esporte e sua prevalência. Revisamos as classificações tradicionais dos esportes como modalidades atléticas de "baixo" e "alto" risco com base nas taxas de prevalência e examinamos descobertas recentes que questionam a utilidade de classificar esportes assim e de estimar a vulnerabilidade dos atletas para desenvolver um TCA baseada apenas nessa dimensão. Para continuar, enfocamos outros fatores de risco mais decisivos envolvidos na predisposição, na precipitação e na manutenção de um TCA no esporte, incluindo fatores sócio-culturais, psicossociais, comportamentais e atléticos-contextuais. Refletimos sobre tendências atuais nos esportes e no futebol que podem contribuir para um risco aumentado para um TCA. Recomendações para a prevenção e manejo de TCAs nos esportes são propostas, destacando a importância de reduzir fatores de risco putativos. Finalmente, são discutidas futuras áreas de investigação que podem enriquecer o nosso conhecimento sobre esse tema, incluindo questões metodológicas, empíricas e conceituais que podem levar a avanços significativos em investigação e intervenção